Christos Giannakopoulos is a Research Director at the National Observatory of Athens. His research focuses on modeling the impacts and extreme phenomena of climate change across various sectors such as agriculture, tourism, and wildfires. He was a lead author of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report on climate change impacts and adaptation in Europe (published in 2007). He has participated, and continues to participate, as coordinator of IERSD-NOA in numerous European climate-related projects (e.g., FP6 ENSEMBLES, FP7 CLIM-RUN, LIFE ADAPT2CLIMA, H2020 SOCLIMPACT, C3S European Tourism, LIFE IP ADAPTINGR).He co-authored the National Adaptation Strategy. Since 2018, he has served as Greece’s National Focal Point for the IPCC, and since 2019, as the national representative in the Adaptation Working Group of the Horizon Europe Mission. He is the author of more than 80 peer-reviewed publications and over 100 book chapters and conference proceedings.

Triggered seismicity is a key hazard where fluids are injected or withdrawn from the subsurface and may also impact permeability. We constrain maximum event magnitudes in triggered earthquakes by relating pre-existing critical stresses to fluid injection volume – to explain why some recorded events are significantly larger than anticipated seismic moment thresholds. This formalism is shown consistent with a number of uncharacteristically large fluid-injection-triggered earthquakes. Such methods of reactivation of fractures and faults through hydraulic stimulation in shear or in tensile fracturing are used routinely as a method to create permeability in the subsurface. Microearthquakes (MEQs) generated in such stimulations may be used as diagnostic of permeability evolution. Although high fidelity datasets are meager, the EGS-Collab and Utah FORGE demonstration projects both provide high fidelity data sets that concurrently track permeability evolution and triggered seismicity. Machine learning deciphers the principal features of MEQs and the resulting permeability evolution that best track changes in permeability – with transfer learning methods allowing robust predictions across multiple geological settings. Changes in permeability on reactivated fractures in both Mode I and II suggest that permeability (Δ𝑘) scales with the seismic moment (𝑀) of individual MEQs as Δ𝑘∝𝑀. This scaling relation is exact at early time but degrades with successive MEQs but presents a method for characterizing crustal permeability evolution using MEQs.

Derek Elsworth is G. Albert Shoemaker Chair, Professor of Energy and Mineral Engineering and Geosciences and co-director of the Center for Geomechanics, Geofluids, and Geohazards at Penn State, USA. His interests are in the areas of computational mechanics, rock mechanics, and in the mechanical and transport characteristics of fractured rocks, with application to geothermal energy, the deep geological sequestration of radioactive wastes and of CO2, unconventional hydrocarbons including coal-gas, tight-gas-shales and hydrates, and instability and eruption dynamics of volcanoes.

Increasing use of cosmogenic surface exposure dating methods, based on the in situ accumulation of nuclides (10Be, 26Al, and 36Cl) in rocks exposed to cosmic radiation, enables us to better understand the duration and extent of geomorphic processes. We report examples from different settings, where we dated various Quaternary surfaces and deposits. Our most essential applications involve boulders collected from moraines, as they can reconstruct glacier fluctuations and paleoclimates. We have dated numerous mountains, along the Mediterranean coastline (Turkey, Bosnia, Spain, and Andorra), Patagonia, and the Antarctic Peninsula, where moraines and erratic blocks were deposited primarily since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~21 ka). We also used this method to determine the timing of the abandonment/incision of alluvial fan lobes that were later cut and displaced by a major left-lateral strike-slip fault. The timing of surface breaking, slip, and extension rates was also calculated, permitting the evaluation of these structures' role in the regional tectonic framework. In another study, abandonment ages of river terraces based on burial and isochron-burial dating with cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al yielded the long-term incision rate of the Kızılırmak River (51 m/Ma since 1.9 Ma) as a proxy for the rock uplift, and the long-term denudation rate of the Central Anatolia Plateau. We also used this method to date rock avalanches (~5 ka) in the Taurus Mountains. Last but not least, using cosmogenic nuclides, we could date basaltic lava flows (~5 to 10 ka) and calculate erosion rates of peculiar landforms locally known as “fairy chimneys” in Cappadocia.

M. Akif Sarıkaya is a Professor of Quaternary geology at the Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences of Istanbul Technical University, Turkey (Türkiye). He received his Ph.D. degree from the Hydrology and Water Resources Department of the University of Arizona, USA, in 2009. His main interests are Quaternary geomorphology and cosmogenic isotope geochronology in various environments, including glacial, fluvial, volcanic, and tectonic settings. He mainly uses 36Cl to infer the dating and evolution of Quaternary landforms. He is the founder and director of Türkiye's first and only cosmogenic isotope preparation laboratory in İstanbul (ITU/Kozmo-Lab).

Extreme heat and heat waves are conditions we are facing more frequently. They will become more frequent. It is not only a goal of climate and human biometeorology, but also of public health, to know how to quantify heat and in particular human exposure to heat stress.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the introduction of a national heat action plan for its member states ensure sustainable protection against heat-related health risks. More specifically, there are fundamental differences between a heat warning system and a heat action plan. While the central task of a heat warning system is to warn of extreme heat and short or longer lasting heat wave, a heat action plan takes an integrative approach, combining short, medium and long-term health protection measures within a common framework. In line with the growing urgency of the climate change adaptation agenda, it is now widely accepted that extreme heat and heat waves will become more frequent, more intense, more continuous and more prolonged. These will also occur in 'regular periods' (a deliberately generic term that is likely to change over time) that are already prone to significant heat risk factors. Preparedness plans and their associated actions as contained in the Heat Health Action Plans are required. The include key elements, such as responsibility and coordination, early warning systems, indoor conditions, specific demands for vulnerable groups, preparation and education of care and health services, urban planning measures in different levels and approaches and finally, monitoring and evaluation of actions. Such instruments should no longer be associated solely with an evocative vision, but with a means that encompasses effective heat management. One that must also always remain clearly tailored to its end user - the human being.

Andreas Matzarakis is a Professor and Chair of Environmental Meteorology at the University of Freiburg, Germany and former director of the Research Centre Human Biometeorology of the German Meteorological Service. His core research interests are in human bioclimatology und urban climatology, climatology of tourism and climate change impact research. A further research focus is the development of models and tools for applied climatology and biometeorology (RayMan model, SkyHelios model, CTIS (Climate-Tourism-Information-System)).